As you mentioned, there are many options when it comes to distance sensors, so the choice will depend on the application.
Are you planning to use your robot outside? If not a great option could be a sharp sensor, you can find some great options in the Infrared Range Finders section of the store, for example:
Keep in mind that most sensors have a “dead zone” so if you want to be sure the robot is in contact with an object a better option might be adding a Contact/Proximity Sensor, like a limit switch.
If you are planning to use it outside an ultrasonic sensor could be a better option as it is not affected by sunlight or if you need a lot of precision and your budget is not that limited a LIDAR is a great option.