How much can a 10k rpm motor move if used as a wheel?
Hi there @Popla 
If you are asking about the speed I think this will answer your question:
No Load RPM :
This is how fast (angular velocity) the final output shaft will rotate assuming nothing is connected to it. If the motor has a gear down and the motor’s speed is not indicated separately, the no load rpm value is the shaft speed after the gear down. The motor’s RPM is proportional to the voltage input. “No Load” means the motor encounters no resistance whatsoever (no hub or wheel mounted to the end). Usually the No Load RPM provided is associated with the nominal voltage.
You can find more information about this in the How Do I Interpret DC Motor Specifications? guide.
In your case, a No Load RPM of 10k would mean 10000 revolutions per minute without mounting a wheel or considering the friction between the wheel and the floor.
If you are asking about how much weight can the motor shaft handle you will need to provide more information about the motor you are using.
I hope that information can help you out, let us know if you have any other doubts 
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Hi @Popla
Thank you, Geraldine, this is a pretty good and complete answer.
Popla, you can also verify these 2 blogs here which should teach you a lot about motors and robots:
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Thanks everyone