I could start with answering all your questions, but I think it’s easier to give you a link to a site with some Arduino tutorials (also with a motor tutorial).
It will give you ways of hooking it all up and even give you code examples to play with. Really, doing tutorials will learn you a lot. It helped me out with coding my own stuff in just a few months.
Start with blinking an LED and then go ahead. If you lack parts you can always skip something, but be sure to read the tutorial and look at the breadboard sheet, so you know the basics.
I’m no expert on H-bridge but I don’t think your setup will work. First of all you need a resistor at the base of the transistor (it is driven by current and not voltage). Next, you probably should have both PNP and NPN transistors. Your also missing diodes to protect your Arduino as the back EMF might kill it. And last, don’t use the digital pins 0 & 1 if you don’t have to as these are the serial line and it will be a mess when you try to upload your sketch. Have a look at http://www.robotroom.com/BipolarHBridge.html No point in reinventing the wheel
I have to disagree with you on running even a small DC motor directly from an Arduino IO pin. The pin is only able to source/sink 40mA and you stand a chance to burn the pin or even the chip. The other ting to consider is the back EMF from the motor. That is a high voltage spike going in the reverse direction an also might fry your IO port. So my recommendation is to NOT run anything that draws more than 40mA from any IO pin. Just add a transistor (and a protective diode for inductive loads) and your fine.
so where should i put the diodos then in my circiut? and the transistors where, i thought i already had 4 transistors??? and then i’'l be fine if you say so… i also need to ad some resistors or am i wrong? how about the pnp-transistor and npn-transisitor whats the differences?
